Five things you did not know about female dogs

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Dogs are beloved companions worldwide, and while many pet owners are familiar with general canine behaviour, there are unique traits specific to female dogs that are often overlooked.

From their reproductive cycles to their distinct behavioural patterns, female dogs have characteristics that set them apart from their male counterparts. Here are five fascinating facts you might not have known about female dogs.

1. Female dogs experience heat cycles, not monthly periods

Unlike humans, female dogs do not have monthly menstrual cycles. Instead, they go through an oestrous cycle, commonly referred to as “being in heat,” which typically occurs every six to eight months. According to The Kennel Club, most smaller dog breeds may experience their first season at around six months of age, though this can vary significantly between individual dogs. In contrast, some larger breeds may not go into heat until they are over a year old.

This cycle consists of four stages:

Proestrus – Lasting about 9 days, during which the female’s body prepares for mating. She may have a bloody discharge and attract male dogs but will not yet be receptive.
Oestrus – Lasting about 5-10 days, this is the fertile period when the female allows mating. The discharge lightens in colour.
Dioestrus – If pregnancy occurs, this stage lasts around 60 days. If not, her body gradually returns to normal.
Anoestrus – A resting phase between cycles, typically lasting four to five months.

Since female dogs do not have periods in the way humans do, their reproductive cycles are hormone-driven rather than monthly occurrences. Dog owners should be prepared for behavioural and physical changes when their pet goes into heat.

2. Female dogs often display different behavioural traits compared to males

Female dogs are sometimes described as more independent, cautious, and mature than males. This is partly due to their hormonal makeup and natural instincts. Studies suggest that females may be:

More focused and trainable – They can learn commands quickly, often maturing faster than male puppies.
Less prone to dominance behaviours – Male dogs are more likely to mark territory and display mounting behaviour.
More territorial at home – Some female dogs can be protective of their environment, especially if they have experienced motherhood.

However, personality varies between breeds and individual dogs, so these are general observations rather than strict rules.

3. Unspayed female dogs are at risk of reproductive health issues

If a female dog is not spayed, she may be susceptible to certain reproductive-related illnesses, such as:

Pyometra – A life-threatening uterine infection that can develop after a heat cycle. It often requires emergency surgery.
Mammary tumours – Unspayed females have a higher risk of developing breast cancer. Studies show spaying before the first or second heat cycle greatly reduces this risk.
Ovarian and uterine cancers – While less common, these can still pose a significant health threat.

Spaying not only prevents unwanted pregnancies but also helps reduce the risk of these health complications. Veterinary professionals often recommend the procedure before the first or second heat cycle for maximum health benefits.

4. Female dogs can experience false pregnancies

After a heat cycle, some unspayed female dogs may display symptoms of pregnancy without actually being pregnant. This phenomenon, known as pseudopregnancy or false pregnancy, occurs due to hormonal fluctuations. Common signs include:

Nesting behaviour – The dog may gather blankets or toys and treat them as puppies.
Lactation – Some females even produce milk despite not being pregnant.
Mood changes – She may become more protective or anxious.

While false pregnancies usually resolve on their own, persistent cases may require veterinary attention. Owners should monitor their dog’s behaviour and consult a vet if symptoms last longer than a few weeks.

5. The first heat cycle varies depending on breed and size

Not all female dogs experience their first heat at the same age. The timing depends largely on breed and size:

Small breeds (e.g., Chihuahuas, Pomeranians) – May have their first heat as early as six months.
Medium breeds (e.g., Border Collies, Cocker Spaniels) – Typically enter heat around 7 to 10 months.
Large breeds (e.g., Golden Retrievers, German Shepherds) – Usually experience their first heat cycle between 12 and 18 months.
Giant breeds (e.g., Great Danes, Mastiffs) – May not have their first heat until 18-24 months.

Since heat cycles can be unpredictable, owners should watch for signs of oestrus, such as changes in behaviour, swelling, and discharge, to avoid accidental breeding if they do not intend to breed their pet.